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nical Weathering – Physical Geology
Chapter 5 Weathering and Soil
Intrusive igneous rocks form at depths of several hundreds of metres to several tens of kilometres. Sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks only when they are buried by other sediments to depths in excess of several hundreds of metres. Most metamorphic rocks are formed at depths of kilometres to tens of kilometres. Weathering cannot even begin until these rocks are uplifted through various processes of mountain building — most of which are related to plate tectonics — and the overlying material has been eroded away and the rock is exposed as an outcrop.[1]
The important agents of mechanical weathering are:
- The decrease in pressure that results from removal of overlying rock
- Freezing and thawing of water in cracks in the rock
- Formation of salt crystals within the rock
- Cracking from plant roots and exposure by burrowing animals
When a mass of rock is exposed by weathering and removal of the overlying rock, there is a decrease in the confining pressure on the rock, and the rock expands. This unloading promotes cracking of the rock, known as exfoliation, as shown in the granitic rock in Figure 5.3.
Granitic rock tends to exfoliate parallel to the exposed surface because the rock is typically homogenous, and it doesn’t have predetermined planes along which it must fracture. Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, on the other hand, tend to exfoliate along predetermined planes (Figure 5.4).
Frost wedging is the process by which water seeps into cracks in a rock, expands on freezing, and thus enlarges the cracks (Figure 5.5). The effectiveness of frost wedging is related to the frequency of freezing and thawing. Frost wedging is most effective in a climate like Canada’s. In warm areas where freezing is infrequent, in very cold areas where thawing is infrequent, or in very dry areas, where there is little water to seep into cracks, the role of frost wedging is limited.
In many parts of Canada, the transition between freezing nighttime temperatures and thawing daytime temperatures is frequent — tens to hundreds of times a year. Even in warm coastal areas of southern B.C., freezing and thawing transitions are common at higher elevations. A common feature in areas of effective frost wedging is a talus slope — a fan-shaped deposit of fragments removed by frost wedging from the steep rocky slopes above (Figure 5.6).
A related process, frost heaving, takes place within unconsolidated materials on gentle slopes. In this case, water in the soil freezes and expands, pushing the overlying material up. Frost heaving is responsible for winter damage to roads all over North America.
When salt water seeps into rocks and then evaporates on a hot sunny day, salt crystals grow within cracks and pores in the rock. The growth of these crystals exerts pressure on the rock and can push grains apart, causing the rock to weaken and break. There are many examples of this on the rocky shorelines of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands, where sandstone outcrops are common and salty seawater is readily available (Figure 5.7). Salt weathering can also occur away from the coast, because most environments have some salt in them.
The effects of plants and animals are significant in mechanical weathering. Roots can force their way into even the tiniest cracks, and then they exert tremendous pressure on the rocks as they grow, widening the cracks and breaking the rock (Figure 5.8). Although animals do not normally burrow through solid rock, they can excavate and remove huge volumes of soil, and thus expose the rock to weathering by other mechanisms.
Mechanical weathering is greatly facilitated by erosion, which is the removal of weathering products, allowing for the exposure of more rock for weathering. A good example of this is shown in Figure 5.6. On the steep rock faces at the top of the cliff, rock fragments have been broken off by ice wedging, and then removed by gravity. This is a form of mass wasting, which is discussed in more detail in Chapter 15. Other important agents of erosion that also have the effect of removing the products of weathering include water in streams (Chapter 13), ice in glaciers (Chapter 16), and waves on the coasts (Chapter 17).
Exercise 5.1 Mechanical Weathering
This photo shows granitic rock at the top of Stawamus Chief near Squamish, B.C. Identify the mechanical weathering processes that you can see taking place, or you think probably take place at this location.
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5.1 Mechanical Weathering – Physical Geology
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Sumary: Chapter 5 Weathering and Soil
Matching Result: Frost wedging is most effective in a climate like Canada’s. In warm areas where freezing is infrequent, in very cold areas where thawing is infrequent, or in…
- Intro: 5.1 Mechanical Weathering – Physical Geology Chapter 5 Weathering and Soil Intrusive igneous rocks form at depths of several hundreds of metres to several tens of kilometres. Sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks only when they are buried by other sediments to depths in excess of several hundreds of metres….
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Weathering | Earth Science – Lumen Learning
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Sumary: The footprints that astronauts left on the Moon will be there forever. Why? This is because the Moon has no atmosphere and, as a result, has no weathering. Weathering is one of the…
Matching Result: abrasion; chemical weathering; climate; hydrolysis; ice wedging … Once these sediments are separated from the rocks, erosion is the process that moves the…
- Intro: Weathering | Earth Science Lesson Objectives Define mechanical and chemical weathering. Discuss agents of weathering. Give examples of each type of weathering. Vocabulary abrasion chemical weathering climate hydrolysis ice wedging leaching mechanical weathering oxidation Introduction The footprints that astronauts left on the Moon will be there forever. Why? This is…
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(Video) Michael Mann - A Climate of Change S2.8
WEATHERING
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Sumary: CHAPTER 6 (Weathering and Soil)
Matching Result: Erosion relies on transporting agents such as wind, rivers, ice, snow and … Climate. 1. Rainfall and temperature can affect the rate in which rocks…
- Intro: WEATHERING CHAPTER 6 (Weathering and Soil) 1. Weathering is a term which describes the general process by which rocks are broken down at the Earths surface into such things as sediments, clays, soils and substances that are dissolved in water. 2. The process of weathering typically begins when the earths…
Frequently Asked Questions About which of the following climates would have the greatest degree of ice wedging?
If you have questions that need to be answered about the topic which of the following climates would have the greatest degree of ice wedging?, then this section may help you solve it.
How did weathering destroy the old man in the mountain in New Hampshire?
Old Man in the Mountain in New Hampshire was destroyed by weathering because water moved along rock fractures where it froze and wedged the rock apart.
Which of the following climates will weather the most quickly?
The higher the rate of biological weathering, the more types of vegetation there will be in the climate, and the higher the rate of biological weathering will be, as plants and bacteria grow and multiply more quickly in warmer temperatures.
Which environment is likely to benefit from frost wedging weathering the most?
The role of frost wedging is limited in warm regions where freezing is infrequent, in extremely cold regions where thawing is infrequent, or in extremely dry regions where there is little water to seep into cracks.
Which of the following places has the climate that encourages chemical weathering the most?
Option 1 is correct because the chemical weathering process is more prevalent than the mechanical weathering process in humid regions because rocks in b>humid regions/b> are exposed to plentiful rainfall and hot temperatures and weather much more quickly than similar rocks living in cold, dry regions.
Did anyone witness the elderly man fall from the mountain?
But on, the Old Man of the Mountain collapsed; experts said that over centuries of freezing and thawing, the rocks gave way. However, from one location, a visible profile of a face could be seen, and it was claimed by New Hampshire as its symbol.
Why did the Old Man of the Mountain’s rock structure crumble?
10. Visitors to the mountains in New Hampshire can see a rock formation that resembles a cannon protruding from a fortress. The Old Man of the Mountain’s rocks collapsed because they had been worn away by rain, snow, and wind over millions of years.
What weathering conditions are ideal?
2. Rocks in tropical regions exposed to abundant rainfall and hot temperatures weather much more quickly than similar rocks residing in cold, dry regions. High temperatures and greater rainfall increase the rate of chemical weathering.
Why does ice wedging occur?
The effectiveness of frost wedging depends on how frequently freezing and thawing take place. Frost wedging (also known as ice wedging) occurs when water seeps into cracks, then expands upon freezing, enlarging the cracks (Figure 8.4).
What kind of climate is it most often in when ice wedging happens?
A temperate climate, which has some cold and some warm temperatures, such as hot summers and cold winters, will frequently experience freeze/thaw cycles, which will result in ice wedging. Ice wedging is a very common type of weathering.
Where is ice wedging likely to happen and what does it entail?
As ice and snow start to melt, they liquify and pool into these crevices, where they are then refrozen at night. Ice wedging happens when frozen precipitation falls over an area and seeps into small cracks in rocks and other materials.
Which area would you anticipate to have the highest weathering quizlet?
The edges and corners of an angular, fracture-bounded granitic block exhibit the highest rate of weathering.
Where is it most likely to weather?
Where does it happen? Physical weathering primarily takes place in arid and hot mountainous areas, where there is little soil and little plant life.
What climates exhibit the quickest weathering rate, and why?
Temperature also plays an important role because warmer temperatures encourage faster reactions, making chemical weathering more effective in warm climates (and resulting in poor outcrop). Warm, humid climates tend to have the most rapid weathering.
Where will there be the greatest chance for metamorphism to occur?
The potential for metamorphism is greatest in the mountain range roots, where there is a high likelihood of burying relatively young sedimentary rock to great depths, as shown in Figure 7.15. Rocks can metamorphose at depth in most places.
Which of the following areas is most likely to experience the most chemical weathering?
Answer and explanation: The correct response is (d). Tropical rainforests. Because of the heavy rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures that these regions experience, they are more vulnerable to chemical weathering.
Where does the majority of metamorphosis occur quiz?
The majority of metamorphism occurs in a zone that starts several kilometers below the surface and extends into the upper mantle.
Where are the metamorphic rocks produced by local metamorphism most likely to be found?
6.4. Regional metamorphism, which is frequently found in mountain ranges formed by convergent continental crustal plates, happens when parent rock is exposed to increased temperature and pressure over a wide area.
Which of these climates would undergo the greatest or quickest rate of weathering?
Warm and wet climates have higher rates of chemical weathering due to the rusting of materials, while warm and wet climates have higher rates of mechanical weathering.
Where on Earth does chemical weathering occur the most frequently?
Q. In which of the following climates does chemical weathering not occur? Chemical weathering is a long, slow process that is primarily high in hot and humid regions like the regions in the equatorial, tropical, and subtropical zones of the Earth.
FAQs
In which location would frost wedging have the most impact? ›
Source: Karla Panchuk (2018) CC BY 4.0. Frost wedging is most effective in Canada's climate, where for at least part of the year temperatures oscillate between warm and freezing. In many parts of Canada, the temperature swings between freezing at night and thawing in the day tens to hundreds of times a year.
Which of the following climates will have the highest rate of weathering? ›Weathering occurs fastest in hot, wet climates.
It occurs very slowly in hot and dry climates. Without temperature changes, ice wedging cannot occur.
Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is d. Tropical rainforest. Chemical weathering is significant in tropical rainforests as these regions experience heavy rainfall, high humidity, and high temperatures, making these regions more susceptible to chemical weathering.
In which area would rocks be most likely to experience weathering through freezing and thawing? ›Chemical weathering is more likely to occur and to be more effective in humid tropical climates, and disintegration of rock from freeze–thaw cycles is more likely to take place and to be more effective in sub-Arctic climates.
What climate is best for frost wedging? ›Frost wedging is most effective in a climate like Canada's. In warm areas where freezing is infrequent, in very cold areas where thawing is infrequent, or in very dry areas, where there is little water to seep into cracks, the role of frost wedging is limited.
What kind of climate would suffer the most from ice wedging? ›If the climate is temperate frequent freeze/thaw cycles will happen, leading to ice wedging. A temperate climate has some periods of cold and some periods of warm temperatures, like hot summers and cold winters. Ice wedging is a very common type of weathering.
In what climates is the weathering rate slowest? ›A cold, dry climate will produce the lowest rate of weathering. A warm, wet climate will produce the highest rate of weathering.
In what climates does physical weathering occur most? ›Physical weathering takes place when solid rocks are broken into fragments with little or no chemical change in the rock itself. Only physical weathering occurs in very cold, dry or very hot, dry climates, and splitting is largely due to insolation.
Which weathering is more rapid in desert climates? ›Dry climates promote rapid chemical weathering. 2. Wet climate provide good conditions for physical or mechanical weathering.
Is frost wedging more important in a warm or a cold climate? ›Frost wedging is most effective in a climate like Canada's. In warm areas where freezing is infrequent, in very cold areas where thawing is infrequent, or in very dry areas, where there is little water to seep into cracks, the role of frost wedging is limited.
In which region would you expect to highest weathering quizlet? ›
What portion of an angular, fracture-bounded granitic block shows the highest rate of weathering? The edges and corners.
What causes the most weathering on Earth's surface? ›Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering. Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice.
In which area would weathering by freeze/thaw or frost wedging probably be most effective? ›Frost wedging is most effective in mountainous climates. In warm areas where freezing is infrequent, in very cold areas where thawing is infrequent, or in arid areas, where there is little water to seep into cracks, the role of frost wedging is limited.
In what climates are rocks more sensitive to weathering? ›High temperatures and greater rainfall increase the rate of chemical weathering. 2. Rocks in tropical regions exposed to abundant rainfall and hot temperatures weather much faster than similar rocks residing in cold, dry regions. 1.
How does climate affect freeze/thaw weathering? ›As air temperatures rise above zero, the reverse effect occurs. Surface temperatures rise above zero, the ice thaws and the increased temperature slowly penetrates deeper into the pavement and soil beneath. Taken together, the phases of decreasing and increasing temperatures form one freeze thaw cycle.
What climate is best for frost action? ›Frost action is thus differentiated from glacial action, which involves the processes related to moving ice. Frost action is limited to climates in which the temperature both drops below, and rises above, 32°F (0°C) and can be described as occurring near the boundary of the cryosphere .
Where is ice wedging common? ›Ice wedging is common in Earth's polar regions and mid latitudes, and also at higher elevations, such as in the mountains. Abrasion is another form of mechanical weathering. In abrasion, one rock bumps against another rock.
Under what conditions does ice wedging occur? ›Ice wedging occurs when frozen precipitation falls over an area and seeps into small cracks in rocks and other materials. As the ice and snow begin to melt, it liquifies and pools into these crevices, and then refreezes at night.
Does frost wedging occur in humid climates? ›Frost wedging or freeze-thaw weathering primarily occurs in temperate humid climates. Water gets into cracks in the rock and at night, when temperatures fall the water can freeze. When water freezes it expands, by on average 9%, this puts pressure on the surrounding rock.
Could frost wedging occur in a tropical climate? ›Warm and wet climates produce mostly chemical weathering. Never any frost wedging.
What climate does salt wedging occur? ›
Salt wedging - In arid climates, dissolved salt precipitates in the small pores and joints between grains, wedging them apart on a small scale.
Which weathering is less effective in humid climate? ›Answer b: The statement is true. Mechanical weathering is less effective in humid climate and in arid climates, mechanical weathering is dominant.
How does climate affect the rate of weathering quizlet? ›Which describes a climate effect on the rate of weathering? Cold climates favor mechanical weathering. Chemical reactions occur slower at higher temperatures. Lower precipitation levels lead to more chemical reactions.
Which type of climate has the greatest amount of rock weathering caused by frost action? ›Cold climates tend to have more physical weathering. Hot & humid climates have the greatest amount of chemical weathering.
Which of the following types of climate would most likely allow a rock to chemically weather the fastest? ›Climate- High amounts of water and higher temperatures generally cause chemical reactions to run faster. Thus warm humid climates generally have more highly weathered rock, and rates of weathering are higher than in cold dry climates.
Is weathering faster in the desert? ›Water is the main agent of weathering, and lack of water slows weathering. Precipitation occurs in deserts, only less than in other climatic regions. Chemical weathering proceeds more slowly in deserts compared to more humid climates because of the lack of water.
Is physical weathering more rapid in desert climates? ›Answer: Physical weathering is more rapid in desert climates because of the large diurnal temperature range in the desert region. During the day the rocks expand due to high temperature and at night the rocks contract due to low temperature, this causes great pressure in rocks which causes weathering.
Why is weathering more rapid in humid tropical regions? ›Weathering is more rapid in humid, tropical regions than in temperate regions. This is because tropical areas receive more rainfall, which encourages chemical weathering such as carbonation. Also, tropical areas are warmer, and the rate of chemical weathering doubles with every rise of 10°C.
Where is ice wedging an important form of mechanical weathering? ›Ice wedging is common in Earth's polar regions and mid latitudes, and also at higher elevations, such as in the mountains. Abrasion is another form of mechanical weathering. In abrasion, one rock bumps against another rock.
Which of the following best describes frost wedging? ›Which of the following best describes “frost wedging”? A catastrophic breaking of rocks by the influx of water during hot periods of the day.
What does frost wedging mean? ›
frost wedging. the mechanical disintegration, splitting or break-up of rock by the pressure of water freezing in cracks, crevices, pores, joints or bedding planes.
What climate makes chemical weathering work at the highest rate quizlet? ›Chemical weathering is most rapid in warm, wet climates. Due to climate and different weathering processes, landscapes develop differently. Different Rock Types cause differential weathering.
Which of these climates would experience the highest or fastest weathering rates quizlet? ›Both chemical and mechanical weathering rates are increased in warm and wet climates. Chemical weathering increases in warm and wet climates because of the rusting of materials.
Which kind of climatic regions are the most prominent to chemical weathering? ›Chemical weathering is more dominant in the area of humid climate.
What is the largest cause of weathering and erosion? ›Water is responsible for the majority of weathering, erosion, and transportation of sediments on Earth. Erosion from liquid water occurs from moving water on Earth's surface - such as streams, rain, ocean, lakes, floods, etc. As water moves across Earth's surface, it takes soil and sediments along with it.
Does weathering increase with higher temperatures? ›As a potent greenhouse gas, atmospheric carbon dioxide also traps heat from the sun. And a warmer Earth increases the rate of chemical weathering both by causing more rainfall and by speeding up the chemical reactions between rainwater and rock.
How does temperature affect weathering? ›Temperature changes can also contribute to mechanical weathering in a process called thermal stress. Changes in temperature cause rock to expand (with heat) and contract (with cold). As this happens over and over again, the structure of the rock weakens. Over time, it crumbles.
Where is frost wedging most effective? ›Frost wedging is most effective in Canada's climate, where for at least part of the year temperatures oscillate between warm and freezing. In many parts of Canada, the temperature swings between freezing at night and thawing in the day tens to hundreds of times a year.
Where would the most frost wedging occur? ›Frost Wedging:
This commonly happens in polar regions and mid latitude mountains where sunlight can melt water during the day and refreeze overnight when temperatures drop.
Freeze-thaw weathering is common in regions where the temperature often drops below freezing at night. It does not happen much in warm climates, or in very cold places like Antarctica, where the temperature seldom rises above zero!
Which climate produces the most weathering? ›
A warm, wet climate will produce the highest rate of weathering. The warmer a climate is, the more types of vegetation it will have and the greater the rate of biological weathering. This happens because plants and bacteria grow and multiply faster in warmer temperatures.
Which climate causes more physical weathering? ›The physical weathering of rocks happens under severe climatic conditions, in particular with freeze-thaw and thermal extreme variation, typically in regions of cold dry and desert climates.
Where is weathering most likely to occur? ›Physical weathering happens especially in places places where there is little soil and few plants grow, such as in mountain regions and hot deserts.
How does cold climate affect weathering? ›So how do different climates influence weathering? A cold, dry climate will produce the lowest rate of weathering. A warm, wet climate will produce the highest rate of weathering. The warmer a climate is, the more types of vegetation it will have and the greater the rate of biological weathering (figure 2).
How does climate change cause freezing? ›Both unseasonable and extreme cold spells are caused when a polar vortex moves out of its usual path as a result of climate change. NOAA describes the phenomenon: “The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth's North and South poles. …
Why does ice affect climate? ›Warmer water temperatures delay ice growth in the fall and winter, and the ice melts faster the following spring, exposing dark ocean waters for a longer period the following summer. Changes in the amount of sea ice can disrupt normal ocean circulation, thereby leading to changes in global climate.
Which is the region where frost weathering is common? ›In temperate latitudes frost action is common from of weathering.
How does frost wedging affect Earth's surface? ›Ice wedging
Water seeps into cracks in the rocks, and, as the temperature drops below freezing, the water expands as ice in the cracks. The expansion exerts tremendous pressure on the surrounding rock and acts like a wedge, making cracks wider. After repeated freezing and thawing of water, the rock breaks apart.
Frost Wedging is common in places where the temperature varies from below the freezing point of water to above the freezing point. Where else might frost wedging occur? Frost wedging also occurs in places where there are frequent freezes and thaws. Bare mountaintops are especially susceptible to frost wedging.
How frost wedging affects and reshapes the earth's surface? ›Frost wedging is a form of physical weathering that involves the physical breaking of a rock. It typically occurs in areas with extremely cold conditions with sufficient rainfall. The repeated freezing and thawing of water found in the cracks of rocks (called joints) pushes the rock to the breaking point.
In which climate does physical weathering by frost action most easily occur? ›
Cold and Humid -Physical weathering is dominate at high latitudes altitudes, or in the winter. the equator and in the summer. Humid climates also favor chemical weathering and increase the rate in which water will dissolve minerals.
What are examples of ice wedging? ›What are examples of frost wedging? Examples of frost wedging include boulders and mountains in cold climates with large cracks in them. Rock formations are often caused from frost wedging where tectonic plate movement is not likely.
Why does frost wedging occur? ›Frost wedging happens when water filling a crack freezes and expands (as it freezes, water expands 8 to 11% in volume over liquid water). The expanding ice imparts a great amount of pressure against the rock (as much as 30,000 pounds/square inch) and wedges open the crack.
What is ice wedging quizlet? ›what is the definition of ice wedging? Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands.
What would best describe ice frost wedging quizlet? ›Frost wedging is a type of physical weathering that involves rocks or soil minerals being broken apart by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. It happens when water accumulates in tiny cracks within rocks or in soil pores, freezes, contracts, and then exerts pressure on the rocks and soils.
What is frost wedging quizlet? ›Frost Wedging. A type of mechanical weathering caused by frost and ice. It is caused by repeated freeze-thaw cycle of water in extreme climates. The rainwater goes through the small cracks in the rocks (joints) and as temperature cools down, the water freezes.
What type of weathering causes frost wedging? ›Frost wedging is a mechanical weathering process caused by the freeze-thaw action of water that is trapped between cracks in the rock. When water freezes, it expands and applies pressure to the surrounding rock forcing the rock to accommodate the expansion of the ice.